Генетика клітинних популяцій: започаткування, головні результати та положення (до 50-річчя від часу заснування)

  • В. А. Кунах Інститут молекулярної біології і генетики НАН України, Україна, 03143, Київ, вул. Акад. Заболотного, 150
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7124/visnyk.utgis.16.1.905

Анотація

У статті коротко розглянуто започаткування і розвиток в Україні нового наукового напряму — генетики клітинних популяцій, яка є теоретичною основою сучасних клітинних технологій. Це, зокрема, рослинні біотехнології оздоровлення, збереження і прискореного розмноження унікальних генотипів in vitrо; створення нових генотипів (організмів) методами клітинної і генної інженерії та клітинної селекції; отримання біологічно активних речовин, у тому числі рекомбінантних, із біомаси культивованих клітин і тканин для потреб медицини, косметичної та харчової промисловостей; а також методи клітинної терапії, у тому числі і технології, що грунтуються на використанні стовбурових клітин тощо. Культивовані клітини широко використовують і як модельні об’єкти та біологічні системи для вивчення найактуальніших проблем сучасної біології: особливостей перебігу, сигнальних шляхів і механізмів клітинної проліферації, у тому числі онкогенезу і пухлинної проліферації; дедиференціювання клітин, у тому числі їх перехід до стану стовбуровості; тотипотентності, плюрипотентності і омніпотентності; регенерації тканин, окремих органів і цілісних організмів та ін. Розглянуто наукові передумови розвитку нового напряму, наведено основні положення генетики клітинних популяцій, розроблені, переважно, у Відділі генетики клітинних популяцій Інституту молекулярної біології і генетики НАН України. Проаналізовано особливості розвитку новітніх напрямів генетики соматичних клітин інтактних рослин та клітин в культурі in vitro, генетики клітинних популяцій, генетичних основ клітинної селекції, клітинної біології і біотехнології протягом другої половини минулого та початку нинішнього століття.
Ключові слова: історія науки, генетика клітинних популяцій, культура тканин і клітин рослин, клітинна селекція, біотехнологія рослин.

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