Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv

Table of content

2025-09-09T21:43:24+03:00

Breeding value and adaptability of different morphobiotypes of winter wheat depending on growing conditions

2025-09-15T12:03:13+03:00

Aim. The results of theoretical and experimental research are presented in order to develop a methodology for agroecological evaluation of wheat varieties of different types of development. Methods. Compliance with the methodology of the State Service for the Protection of Plant Variety Rights ensured the proper conduct of field experiments, including all necessary records and observations. To quantify the plasticity and stability of traits, the algorithm of Eberhart S. A., Rassel W. A. was used. Results. In the context of a changing climate and frequent disruption of optimal sowing dates, wheat breeding is focused on creating varieties with high adaptability and yield stability. Studies have shown that winter wheat varieties Askanijska, Askanijska Berehynia, Perlyna and the alternative variety Clarisa are characterized by high productivity and resistance to adverse environmental factors, which allows to obtain high yields even with late sowing dates (20.X–10.XI). Conclusions. In the breeding process, an important task is the creation of wheat varieties with high yield potential. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to take into account the morphobiological parameters of plants, such as stem length (80–90 cm with irrigation and 90–100 cm without irrigation) and the number of productive stems per unit area (700–800 per m²). The research results show that the varieties Askanijska, Askanijska Berehynia, Perlyna and Clarisa are characterized by high adaptability and can be used for different sowing dates under different predecessors, which ensures stable grain production.

Creation of adaptive winter wheat source material in the southern steppe using geographically distant ecotypes

2025-09-15T12:03:13+03:00

Aim. To establish the nature of the influence of the duration of the term “spring regrowth–flowering” on grain yield in varieties of the southern steppe ecotype and lines of soft winter wheat created using late-ripening samples of the Western European ecotype. Methods. Field studies were conducted at the Institute of Climate-Oriented Agriculture of the NAAS (2018–2024, Kherson, 46°38′24″ N 32°36′52″ E and Odessa 2023–2024, 46°29′08.3″ N 30°44′36.6″ E). The object of the research was varieties of soft winter wheat of the southern steppe ecotype and lines obtained using samples of the Western European ecotype. Results. The extension of the duration of the “growth–flowering” period in newly created lines stimulated an increase in grain yield. The highest grain yield was recorded in lines with a duration of the “growth–flowering” period of 54–56 days. Their grain yield was 9.85–10.35 t/ha with irrigation. However, without irrigation, the grain yield in these lines sharply decreased by 40–75 %. Conclusions. The directions of breeding soft winter wheat in the conditions of the Arid Steppe can be radically opposite depending on the technological support. High drought resistance of genotypes and heat resistance are ensured by a shortened period of “spring regrowth–flowering”, early maturity. Selection of varieties of the intensive type for conditions of optimal moisture supply should use as starting material genotypes with an extended duration of the period of vegetation.

Internodes and flag leaf growth and wheat plants yield under drought

2025-09-15T12:03:13+03:00

Aim. The aim of the work was to study the growth of top internodes and flag leaf and the yield of bread winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought. Methods. Wheat plants cultivars Schedrivka Kyiv’ka and Kyivska 19 were grown under optimal conditions until the earing-flowering phase, after that the experimental plants were transferred to drought regime for 8 days. Optimal water supply was restored to the end of vegetation. Length and mass of top internodes, area and mass flag leaf were measured during the experiment. Yield structure were analyzed of the ripened plants. Results. It was established that the water deficit in the soil during the phase of earing-flowering delayed the growth of length and weight top internodes and flag leaf, decreased the plant grain productivity in cultivar Kyivska 19, weight of 1000 grains in both cultivars of plants. Conclusions. The drought regime in earing-flowering phase of winter wheat plants delayed the growth of top internodes and flag leaf, decreased the grain yield, weight of 1000 grains.

Characterisation of winter bread wheat lines with the 1BL.1RS translocation of the vyshyvanka type

2025-09-15T12:03:13+03:00

Aim. We identified a new 1BL.1RS translocation in the spring bread wheat variety Vyshyvanka using secalin loci. The aim of the work was to develop winter lines with this translocation and to study their characteristics. Methods. The winter varieties Samurai and Solomiya were crossed with Vyshyvanka. To select homozygotes for the translocation, acid electrophoresis of gliadins and SDS-electrophoresis were performed. For the family of F₅ lines from the cross Samurai x Vyshyvanka, yield-related traits of the main spike were determined. Results. The analysis of segregation in F₂ seeds from the cross Vyshyvanka x Solomiya showed a reduced frequency of transmission of the translocation through pollen grains. Via marker-assisted selection, we developed winter lines with the Vyshyvanka-type translocation that were resistant to powdery mildew against the natural background. The F₃–F₅ lines derived from F₂spike 175-1 from the cross Samurai x Vyshyvanka showed a high degree of leaf rolling Those F5 lines had a higher number of spikelets and grains per spike than Samurai but did not differ in grain weight per spike. Conclusions. Winter lines from crosses with Vyshyvanka are promising breeding material with the new 1BL.1RS translocation with resistance to powdery mildew, high spike yield-related traits and, in the case of mutants, the rolled leaf character for the development of drought tolerant varieties.

Features of the expression of the traits of monoecious hemp in the inbreeding process and its use in breeding

2025-09-15T12:03:13+03:00

Aim. To determine the peculiarities of the expression of biological and breeding traits, the level of inbreeding depression in the process of self-pollination of monoecious hemp plants of different ecological and geographical types and directions of economic use. Methods. Breeding (self-pollination, selection, hybridization), field and laboratory research methods, elements of mathematical statistics were used. The object of research is self-pollinated lines I₁–I₁₂ of varieties Ylukhivski 58, Hlesia and Zolotoniski 15. Results. As a result of self-pollination of monoecious industrial hemp, inbreeding depression, stabilization of breeding traits and differentiation of lines by certain properties were observed, and in some high combinational ability (with I₄–I₆ it is already advisable to involve them in crosses). Conclusions. The main positive effect of self-pollination is the stabilization of the material on the basis of high productivity, monoeciousness and absence of cannabinoids, which occurs in the process of close reproduction, creation of inbred lines as components of hybrids and synthetic populations. In the process of selections in hybrid populations, there is no significant splitting of breeding traits, they retain their homogeneity. Thus, the breeding process is accelerated.

Evaluation of introgression lines of Triticum aestivum L. for resistance to fungal diseases and other breeding-valuable traits

2025-09-15T12:03:13+03:00

Aim. To investigate advanced introgression lines of bread winter wheat for resistance to common diseases, to determine their breeding value, to identify donor lines with the maximum manifestation of valuable alien traits, adapted to growing conditions in southern Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, comparison, generalization, mathematical statistics. Results. In the study of advanced introgression wheat lines, it was found that the trend of the distribution of lines for reaction to the diseases may indicate the genetic determination of their resistance, and the genetic basis of individual lines was favorable for combining the wheat-rye translocation 1BL.1RS with other both alien and wheat resistance genes. The lines carrying resistance to several diseases, high yield, adaptability and baking grain quality were identified. Conclusions. As a result of numerous crosses of sources of alien genetic material of various origins with modern bread winter wheat cultivars, a few breeding lines were obtained that were carriers of the traits of resistance to diseases, high parameters of 1000-kernel weight, protein content, devoid of the negative traits inherent in wild species. This indicates the complexity, but the prospects of introgression breeding of bread winter wheat.

Crop breeding to drought tolerance

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Aim. Based on our own experimental results and analysis of publications of the world’s leading scientific institutions, to substantiate the need to strengthen breeding work to increase the adaptive potential and drought resistance of new varieties. To highlight the mechanism of action of drought, methods of creating the starting material, the main morphological, physiological and biochemical signs that affect the level of resistance to stress. Methods. Field experiments were carried out in the steppe zone of Ukraine, which is characterized by a small amount of precipitation, high air temperature and long inter-rainy periods during the growing season of crops. Results. For successful breeding work, it is necessary to take into account the influence of the interaction of the genotype with environmental factors. Based on multi-zone tests, it is possible to identify new genotypes that will demonstrate broad or specific adaptability to a particular type of environment and build models with different levels of environmental factors. Under dry conditions, a unique breeding material of soybeans and chickpeas with a high level of drought resistance was obtained, which can serve as a genetic basis for further improvement of this trait. Conclusions. Based on such morphological traits as the area of the leaf surface and its condition, aboveground mass, plant height, growth intensity, it is possible to objectively assess genotypes tolerant to water stress. The creation of ultra-early ripening varieties makes it possible to avoid drought.

Protection of sunflower from the parasite (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) by stimulating immunity

2025-09-15T12:03:13+03:00

Aim. To study the possibility of stimulating sunflower immunity to protect against the broomrape parasite by inducers of plant systemic resistance of chemical and biological origin, which cause the formation of reactive oxygen species and trigger plant defense mechanisms through the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway. Methods. Sunflower resistance to broomrape treated with plant immunity inducing agents was evaluated in a pot experiment using a modified methodology. Results. Spraying of sunflower plants of P64LE99 hybrid artificially infected with broomrape parasite with inducers of systemic resistance of chemical (salicylic acid preparation) and biological origin (tinder fungus preparation) ensured control of the pathogen at 80 %. Preparations of salicylic acid and tinder fungus reduce the infection of sunflower by broomrape by inducing acquired systemic resistance, characterized by the launch of plant defense responses. Conclusions. The treatment of plants with preparations of natural and synthetic origin that stimulate plant immunity, either alone or in combination with classical fungicides, can be a promising strategy for protecting sunflower from the broomrape parasite with better environmental protection and the basis for the creation of the fourth generation of protective agents.

Pro-apoptotic activity of the antiviral and antitumor drug Izatizon

2025-09-15T12:03:13+03:00

Aim. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death characteristic of all multicellular organisms, which is not accompanied by an inflammatory process, unlike necrosis, and is an immunologically inert process. To study the proapoptotic effect of isathizone and its analogues on the culture of the human malignant cell line K-562. Methods. Flow cytometry was used to detect the effects of drugs on apoptosis. The effect of drugs on caspase-3 activity was determined using Western blot. Results. Flow cytometry data show that isathizone and its analog Idd stopped cell division in the G₀–G₁ phase, after which apoptosis began. The data of studies using flow cytometry show that isatizone and its analogue Idd stopped cell division in the G0-G1 phase, after which apoptosis began. Studies on the effect of isathizone and its analogues on the activity of caspase-3 in the culture of malignant K-562 cells showed that all drugs initiate caspase-3. Conclusions. Izatizone and its analogues affect apoptosis of malignant K-562 cell cultures and can be used for further research in practical medicine.

Results of molecular-cytogenetic studies in cases of suspected chronic myeloid leukemia

2025-09-15T12:03:13+03:00

Aim. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease and one of the most common chronic myeloproliferative disorders. The main objective of this study was to investigate the frequency and characteristics of chromosomal changes in patients with suspected or confirmed CML based on the results from the scientific medical-genetic center “LeoGEN”. Methods. The methods used in this study include GTG-karyotyping, FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization), and RT-PCR (reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction). The research was conducted from January 2022 to October 2024. Results. FISH, GTG, and RT-PCR were performed on peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) cells of 39 patients. FISH analysis using LSI BCR/ABL1 dual-color Cytocell probes was performed on 35 samples. In BM cells of 11 out of 39 individuals, the GTG method identified or ruled out chromosomal changes. RT-PCR was performed on 12 BM cell samples. Conclusions. The results demonstrate the necessity of incorporating molecular and cytogenetic methods into clinical practice to improve CML management and optimize treatment strategies. A comparison of CML research results using different methods is presented, highlighting the importance of their integrated application.

Application of molecular-genetic approaches in Cftr gene variant diagnostics: historical perspective and personal experience

2025-09-15T12:03:12+03:00

Aim. To analyze the evolution of molecular-genetic methods for cystic fibrosis diagnosis, assess their effectiveness, advantages, and limitations, and determine optimal approaches for detecting CFTR gene variants. Methods. An analysis of the national registry of cystic fibrosis patients was conducted, along with laboratory studies performed at the Institute of Hereditary Pathology and the Scientific Medical-Genetic Center “LeoGene”. The study investigated methods including heteroduplex analysis, restriction analysis, MLPA, INNO-LiPA CFTR, TaqMan, Sanger sequencing, and NGS. Results. It was shown that the combined use of first-line methods identifying major population variants, along with MLPA, allows the detection of up to 70 % of CFTR variants. NGS provides a more detailed mutation analysis, including rare variants. Conclusions. The most effective approach is a stepwise strategy, incorporating initial screening for common variants followed by NGS analysis in case of a negative result. The use of international HGVS standards and databases such as CFTR2 and NCBI is crucial for the unification of diagnostic conclusions.

Comparative analysis of numerical chromosome abnormalities in the material of pregnancy lost before and after the full-scale invasion of the russian federation

2025-09-15T12:03:12+03:00

Aim. Approximately 25 % of women have lost at least one pregnancy. The prognosis of reproductive function in women with pregnancy losses is complex and, in many cases, relies on the results of karyotyping of reproductive loss material. We studied the features of the karyotype of material of pregnancy lost before and after the full-scale invasion of the russian federation. Methods. Banding cytogenetic and interphase mFISH with the probe panel for chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, X and Y were used. Results. Normal karyotype was established in 1430 cases (63.1 %) analyzed before full-scale invasion (BEFORE) and in 788 cases (59.6 %) – after invasion of russian federation (AFTER). In samples BEFORE, an abnormal karyotype was established in 838 cases (36.9 %) and AFTER – in 534 cases (40.4 %). Conclusions. Numerical chromosome abnormalities, compatible with postnatal human life were more frequently detected in reproductive loss material obtained AFTER (37.1 % vs 34.0 %). Lethal numerical chromosomal abnormalities were more frequently recorded in samples from pregnancies BEFORE (66.0 % vs 62.9 %).

Comparison of DNA extraction methods in Ascomycota fungi

2025-09-15T12:03:12+03:00

Aim. To compare DNA extraction methods from fungi of the Ascomycota. Protocols using SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide), which were modified for this type of organisms, and the commercial kit NeoPrep¹⁰⁰ DNA Magnet_Plant (NEOGENE, Ukraine) were applied. Methods. Isolation of DNA from fungal mycelium using the three protocols mentioned above. Amplification of β-tubulin gene fragments using polymerase chain reaction with specific primers. Separation of amplicons in a 1.5 % agarose gel in the presence of ethidium bromide. Results. Various DNA extraction protocols were adapted for fungi of the Ascomycota. The concentration and quality of the extracted DNA were determined, which varied depending on the method used. It was established how different DNA extraction methods can affect polymerase chain reaction. Conclusions. It was found that the SDS method was the most effective and optimal for DNA isolation from fungi of the Ascomycota. The longest isolation time was the CTAB method, and the shortest was DNA isolation using the NeoPrep¹⁰⁰ DNA Magnet_Plant kit (NEOGENE, Ukraine).

Work with genetic resources of Ukrainian plants at Ustymivka experimental station of plant production

2025-09-15T12:03:12+03:00

Aim. To analyze work with the gene pool of Ukrainian plants, which has been collected and stored at Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production of the Yuriev Plant Production Institute of NAAS of Ukraine. Methods. To evaluate and describe accessions, classifiers of corresponding plant genera and methods for assessing accessions of different crops were used. Results. Over a 32-year period, a gene pool comprising 32,824 accessions of 154 crops has been collected; of them, 11,333 accessions are of Ukrainian origin. Forty-two different collections have been formed (15 trait collections, 8 basic ones, 7 working ones, 6 educational ones, 5 special ones, and 1 core collection). Registration Certificates for Plant Gene Pool Accessions in Ukraine have been issued for 165 valuable specimens (47 potato accessions, 22 corn accessions, 20 accessions of bushes and trees, 17 wheat accessions, 12 millet accessions, 10 vetchling accessions, 8 common bean accessions, 6 mustard accessions, 5 alfalfa accessions, 4 poppy accessions, 4 barley accessions, 3 buckwheat accessions, 3 chickpea accessions, 2 lettuce accessions, and 2 oat accessions). Employees of the Station have created 21 cultivars, hybrids and parental components, including 5 poppy cultivars, 1 millet cultivar, 1 common bean cultivar, 6 wheat cultivars, and 8 corn cultivars, hybrids and parental components. Conclusions. The broad hereditary background of the collected gene pool is a basis for the breeding of new generations of cultivars, hybrids, populations, and parental components, which requires ex situ preservation and maintenance of high viability and genetic authenticity.

Problems and prospects of cereals genetic collections creating

2025-09-15T12:03:12+03:00

Aim. To analyse the state of cereal genetic collections registered in NCPGRU, to identify problems and prospects for their further development. Methods. The analysis of the state of genetic collections was carried out by means of morphological analysis and analysis of literature sources. The prospects of molecular research methods, including the identification of individual genes and QTL mapping, were determined. Results. Among all registered types of grain collections, genetic ones accounted for 5 %. Along with the method of analysis of genes by phenotypic manifestation, the analysis and identification of individual genes and quantitative trait loci using molecular markers, mapping and functional analysis of individual genes are described. Conclusions. To create modern genetic collections of cereals, it is necessary to apply modern molecular approaches and analysis of modern scientific sources along with traditional methods of gene identification.

Assessment of the influence of environmental-trophic-biological parameters on the spread and pathomorphological manifestation of mycobacteriosis in zoo birds: a retrospective analysis

2025-09-15T12:03:12+03:00

Aim. To conduct an analysis of the influence of environmental parameters, trophic specialization and biological features in zoo pheasants (Phasianus colchicus L.), peacocks (Pavo Cristatus L.) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos L.) on the spread and pathomorphological picture of mycobacteria.Methods. The methods of clinical and ethological observation, clinical and genealogical, ecological and physiological, epizootic analysis, autopsy, bacterioscopy, and polymerase chain reaction are used. Results. The highest level of mortality from mycobacteriosis was observed in pheasants. This was facilitated by their omnivorousness and alimentary infection with mycobacteria with damage to the intestinal wall, liver and spleen. Peacocks had an aerogenous infection with changes in the lungs, and mallards had a contact infection with skin lesions of injured wings. Conclusions. In pheasants, high mortality from mycobacteriosis is due to their trophic specialization and alimentary infection with mycobacteria. In peacocks, mortality from mycobacteria was lower with respiratory lesions, and in mallards, mycobacteria were detected on previously affected wing skin.

Characterization of new hazelnut varieties of the National Dendrological Park “Sofiyivka” of NAS of Ukraine using microsatellite markers

2025-09-15T12:03:12+03:00

Aim. To characterize hazelnut varieties created in the National Dendrological Park “Sofiyivka” of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine using microsatellite markers (SSR) for their subsequent identification and certification. Methods. DNA extraction, molecular genetic analysis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), statistical analysis. Results. The analysis of 10 Corylus spp. accessions, including 7 hazelnut and 3 hazel species, showed polymorphism at all 9 microsatellite (SSR) loci studied. The number of alleles for individual loci varied from 3 to 6, with an average value of 4.6. Based on the SSR analysis data, the allelic composition of hazelnut varieties “Sofiyivskyi 1”, “Sofiyivskyi 2” and “Sofiyivskyi 15” and their parental forms and plants of three Corylus species was characterized. Conclusions. The effectiveness of the applied microsatellite markers for the identification of hazelnut varieties was demonstrated. The identified allelic sets make possible to identify and certify the created hazelnut varieties and can be used in breeding work.

The influence of RL (660 nm) and BL (450 nm) on the processes of callusogenesis and morphogenesis in vitro of tomato varieties of contrary precocity

2025-09-15T12:03:12+03:00

Aim. To study the effect of RL (660 nm) and BL (450 nm) photoirradiation on the growth and morphogenetic reactions of callus of different origin of two tomato varieties contrasting in precocity. Methods. Two tomato varieties differing in growth type and precocity – ACE 55 VF and Kremenchutskyi – were used as plant material. Primary callus was obtained through the stage of aseptic seedlings, and three types of organs were used as explants: hypocotyl segments, cotyledon leaves, and apical parts of roots. Callus was grown on basal medium MS + 5 mg/l 2.4 D, in the dark at +26°C. The photoactivation with RL (660 nm) and BL (450 nm) was performed using Korobov LEDs. The frequency of callus proliferation, growth and morphogenetic reactions of the callus culture in vitro were analysed. Results. It was found that hypocotyl segments and cotyledon leaves of both studied varieties are more effective explants for obtaining primary callus. The ACE 55 VF variety, characterised by indeterminate growth type, forms mature callus tissue more efficiently than the determinate Kremenchutskyi variety. The photoexposure with RL (660 nm) stimulates the growth response of callus of ACE 55 VF variety. It is shown that irradiation with RL and especially BL activates the manifestation of morphogenetic reactions in callus of both varieties. Conclusions. To implement different pathways of morphogenesis in vitro, it is necessary to take into account the type of growth in vivo. Activation of the photoreceptor systems with RL and BL in the mature callus culture stimulates the processes of morphogenesis in vitro.

Modelling water deficit conditions for investigation of its influence on tomato plants

2025-09-15T12:03:12+03:00

Aim. To model water deficit conditions using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000, determine effective concentrations and treatment time of PEG for investigation of the influence of water deficit on the seed germination and morpho-physiological parameters of tomato cv. Money Maker plants. Methods. The methods of sterilization, in vitro cultivation, micropropagation of plant material and statistical analysis were used in this work. PEG 6000 at concentrations of 2 %, 4 %, 6 %, 8 %, 10 % and 12 % was added into MST medium, and its influence on morphophysiological parameters of tomato seedlings was studied in vitro. Results. Morphophysiological parameters in the presence of 2 % PEG 6000 were not statistically different from that in control. However, at concentrations 4–8 %, seed germination frequency decreased by 39.32–67.27 %, shoot length by 29.77–55.1 %, and root length by 44.6–72.89 %. In the presence of 10 % and 12 % PEG 6000, seed germination frequency, shoot length, and root length were reduced by 93.79–100 %. Conclusions. It was established that the critical concentration of PEG 6000 is 8 %, as it caused the changes in the morphometric parameters of tomato seedlings without a significant loss in viability. Therefore, this concentration of PEG 6000 is recommended for modeling water deficit (drought) conditions to study this type of stress on tomato cv. Money Maker plants.

Development of the biofabrication method of silver nanoparticles based on Bacillus subtilis and study of their effect on Corynebacterium glutamicum

2025-09-15T12:03:12+03:00

Aim. To develop approaches for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn bacteria and to evaluate their toxicity against non-pathogenic soil microflora, particularly the bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum (Kinoshita et al.) Abe et al. (Approved Lists). Methods. The study employed microbiological methods, in vitro cultivation techniques, agar diffusion assays, and statistical data analysis. A “green” synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out using a matrix created from B. subtilis. Results. The possibility of extracellular AgNP synthesis using the B. subtilis B-7099 strain was demonstrated. It was found that the Ag content in the synthesized nanoparticles is approximately 66 %. It was revealed that AgNP concentrations effective against pathogenic microorganisms exhibit significantly lower toxicity against non-pathogenic soil bacteria, particularly C. glutamicum. Conclusions. Considering the ability of B. subtilis to enhance plant resistance to a range of phytopathogens, as well as the possibility of synthesizing AgNPs based on them with pronounced biological activity, the development of nanobiotechnological approaches for protecting plants from various diseases is a promising area of research.

Resistance to water deficit of transgenic winter wheat plants of the T3 seed generation with overexpression of the ornithine-Δ-aminotransferase gene

2025-09-15T12:03:12+03:00

Aim. To investigate the resistance to water deficit of transgenic plants of new genotypes of winter soft wheat of the T₃ seed generation with overexpression of the proline synthesis gene under physiological and stress conditions. Methods. Genetic transformation by the in planta method, physiological and biochemical, mathematical statistics. Results. In transgenic T₃ plants, it was confirmed that the increased activity of the ornithine-δ-aminotransferase enzyme does not significantly affect the content of free proline either under control conditions or under water deficit conditions. It was confirmed that overexpression of the oat gene promotes more active root development in genetically modified plants both under normal and drought conditions: in terms of root length, they exceeded the plants of the original genotypes by 3.9–4.5 cm under normal irrigation, and by 3.3–3.8 cm under drought conditions. Under soil drought conditions, biotechnological plants outperformed the original ones by 14–19 % in terms of grain quantity per plant, and by 10–16 % in terms of grain mass per plant. Conclusions. It was shown that transgenic T₃ plants with overexpression of the oat gene are characterized by relatively higher resistance to soil drought conditions than control plants. Activation of growth processes, which is manifested in an increase in stem height and better development of the root system, improves adaptive plasticity and yield of genetically modified plants.

The effect of UV-C explosion and exogenous cytokinin on pea plants

2025-09-15T12:03:12+03:00

Aim. The effect of ultraviolet C (UV-C) explosion and cytokinin benzylaminopurine (BAP) treatment on the growth shoots and roots, content of hydrogen peroxide (HP) and photosynthetic pigments in leaves of pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) was studied. Methods. Pea plants cultivar Aronis were irradiated by UV-C at a dose of 5 kJ/m² with a power of 7 W/m². Part of the non-irradiated plants were treated with BAP, part of the plants were treated with BAP one day after UV-C explosion. Plant shoots and roots length and mass were measured, content of photosynthetic pigments and HP in leaves were established during the experiment. Results. It was shown that UV-C explosion inhibited growth of pea plants, increased HP and decreased chlorophylls and carotenoid content in leaves. Treatment of plants with BAP after the UV-C explosion stimulated the accumulation of chlorophyll, but had no effect on HP and carotenoid content. Conclusions. It was shown that UV-C explosion of pea plants by dose of 5 kJ/m² caused inhibition of growth, reduction photosynthetic pigments content, increased HP content in leaves. The BAP treatment after explosion stimulated the accumulation of chlorophylls content in leaves.

The influence of UV C on tolerance of Pisum sativum antioxidant system to abiotic stresses

2025-09-15T12:03:12+03:00

Aim. Advantages of using UV-C for plant protection include its non-toxicity, broad-spectrum antipathogen activity without risk of developing resistance, low cost, and ease of application. However, plants exposed to UV-C may be further weakened by abiotic stresses. This research is to investigate the impact of abiotic factors on plant sensitivity to UV-C, using pea (Pisum sativum L.) as a model. Methods. Mechanical wounding was applied to leaves of pea plants (cv. Aronis), and water levels were raised to simulate flooding. Plants were irradiated with UV-C at 10 kJ/m². Endogenous hydrogen peroxide content, as well as morphometric growth parameters of roots and leaves, were measured during the experiments. Experiments were repeated three times and analyzed statistically. Results. UV-C exposure induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by a marked increase in H₂O₂ levels by day 4. The highest fluctuations in H₂O₂ were recorded under combined stress (flooding + UV-C), peaking on day 10. In wounded plants, the response was more complex and prolonged, with the combination of wounding and UV-C showing the highest H₂O₂ accumulation on day 7. Conclusions. Combined mechanical injury and UV-C irradiation synergistically enhanced oxidative responses, exceeding the effect of either factor alone, suggesting an amplified stress signaling interaction.

Optimization of oxidative preconditioning of hWJ-MSCs to overcome oxidative stress

2025-09-15T12:03:11+03:00

Aim. It has been shown that biological properties of MSCs can be modulated by preconditioning of MSCs under specific culture conditions. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of different H₂O₂ concentrations during oxidative preconditioning of hWJ-MSCs to overcome subsequent severe oxidative stress and reduce cytotoxic effects. Methods. MSCs were derived from human umbilical cord, cultured as monolayers according to standard methods. Oxidative stress was induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Treated WJ-MSCs were analyzed for metabolic activity and survival by MTT assay. Results. Our findings indicated that preconditioning of WJ-MSCs with 10, 20, 30 and 40 μM H₂O₂ for 24 h enhanced their survival under toxic H₂O₂-doses and survival rates varied between different modes of preconditioning and levels of severe stress. The maximum protective effect was observed at 10 μM H₂O₂preconditioning for 300 μM H₂O₂severe stress. Simultaneouly, the maximum adaptive response to a stress level of 500 μM was detected only after preconditioning with 30 μM H₂O₂. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate that the H₂O₂preconditioning of WJ-MSCs could induce the cell-survival adaptive response to subsequent severe oxidative stress. However, benefit of preconditioning depends on the H₂O₂ concentration under preconditioning, the level of oxidative stress, and the characteristics of MSCs from a particular cell donor.

Influence of ligh conditions and growth regulators on morpho-physiological characteristics of in vitro plants of Carlina L. species

2025-09-15T12:03:11+03:00

Aim. To investigate the effects of growth regulators on the development of in vitro plants of Carlina species (Carlina onopordifolia Besser ex Szafer, Kulcz. et Pawł, Carlina cirsioides Klokov, and Carlina acaulis L.) and functioning of their photosynthetic apparatus under different light conditions. Methods. Spectrophotometric methods, in vitro plant cultivation techniques, statistical methods, biometric measurements were used. Results. It was established that the use of MS/2 medium for plant cultivation proved optimal for leaf formation in C. onopordifolia and C. cirsioides. However, this medium was completely unsuitable for root system development, resulting in the rapid death of micropropagated plants. The chemical composition of the nutrient medium was adjusted for C. onopordifolia, C. acaulis, and C. cirsioides in accordance with the elemental composition of soils from their natural habitats. The effectiveness of the addition of the growth regulator IAA and the commercial product Trevitan^® was shown to be species-specific. The optimal light intensity for each studied species under in vitro conditions was also determined. Conclusions. The results indicate that optimizing in vitro cultivation conditions for Carlina species requires consideration of the evolutionarily determined biological characteristics of each species.

Study of adaptive potential to drought in offspring of genetically modified wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.)

2025-09-15T12:03:11+03:00

Aim. To investigate the tolerance of the seed generation (T4) of genetically modified common wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) containing a suppressor of the proline catabolism gene (pdh) to osmotic stress, based on the analysis of physiological and biochemical parameters and yield structure. Methods. Determination of free L-proline (Pro) content, physiological and growth parameters and grain yield. Results. The Pro level was investigated and growth parameters, physiological state and main elements of yield were analyzed in transgenic and original forms under normal/stress/recovery conditions. Conclusions. T4 wheat plants under water deficit were characterized by a higher percentage and faster seed germination rate than the original genotypes. The survival rate of genetically modified forms was 76.8 %, while the original ones were only 14 %. Transgenic seedlings had a higher L-proline content, compared to the control ones, under optimal irrigation by an average of 1.7 times, and under water deficit by 30 %. During the recovery period, its level decreased in the initial forms by an average of 49 %, and in T4 by 28 %. Under optimal irrigation conditions, the studied plant variants did not significantly differ in productivity elements. Drought led to their decrease, but in T4 descendants they were less pronounced and significantly higher.

Ivermectin’s influence on morpho-physiological parameters of Arabidopsis thaliana L. roots

2025-09-15T12:03:11+03:00

Aim. To study ivermectin’s influence on morphology of roots and root hairs of Arabidopsis thaliana L. seedlings. Methods. In vitro seedlings’ cultivation, microscopy, statistical data analysis. Results. Morphological changes of roots were determined after 12 days of seedlings growth on the nutrient medium (Murashige and Skoog) with ivermectin in concentration of 250 µg/ml. It was determined that ivermectin at the concentration of 250 µg/ml causes main roots curling, elongation zone shortening, lateral roots growth retardation, decrease in length and deformation of root hairs. Statistically significant differences in length of root hairs were observed on the 12th day of cultivation. Particularly, the mean length of root hairs was 163.63±57.97 µm in seedlings, which grew on medium without ivermectin, and 28.14±9.36 µm in seedlings, which grew on medium with 250 µg/ml of ivermectin. Conclusions. Morphological alterations of roots and root hairs сaused by 250 µg/ml of ivermectin were analyzed. According to the proposed explanation of the obtained results, ivermectin disrupts arrangements of microtubules in cells of A. thaliana main root leading to pathological changes in roots’ morphology.

Study on the impact of different cultural mediums on the viability of thawed boar spermatozoa

2025-09-15T12:03:11+03:00

Aim. To study the impact of different culture media on the qualitative indicators of thawed ejaculated spermatozoa of boars in vitro. Methods. Biotechnological, cryobiological, and morphological methods, along with statistical data processing techniques, were used during the research. Results. Research was conducted on the effectiveness of different media for preparing thawed boar spermatozoa for in vitro fertilization. Flotation in TALP medium without Ca²⁺ yielded 71±2.58 million live spermatozoa per ml, while the Sperm Preparation Medium (Origio, Denmark) resulted in 49.7 million fewer spermatozoa. Sperm motility was higher in the Sp-TALP medium (9.7±0.86 %) compared to TALP without Ca²⁺ (5±1.49 %) and the Sperm Preparation Medium (0.7±0.86 %). After washing in Sp-TALP medium, the sperm concentration per ml was 69.7±3.1 million, with 6.8±0.56 million spermatozoa suitable for fertilization. Conclusions. The study demonstrated that by combining different approaches to handling thawed ejaculated boar spermatozoa, acceptable viability can be achieved for efficient in vitro fertilization. Sp-TALP was identified as the optimal medium for sperm flotation, yielding 69.7±3.1 million/ml spermatozoa, of which 6.8±0.56 million/ml were motile.

Analysis of physiological-biochemical indicators that cause the increase in osmo-resistance of genetically modified wheat

2025-09-15T12:03:11+03:00

Aim. To investigate the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the seed generation (T4) of genetically modified wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with a double-stranded RNA suppressor of the proline dehydrogenase (pdh) gene under osmotic stress. Methods. Proline dehydrogenase (PDH) activity assay, free L-proline (Pro) content; carbohydrates and protein. Results. The activity of proline dehydrogenase, the content of proline, proteins and carbohydrates under conditions of normal irrigation, water deficit and irrigation restoration were determined. Conclusions. It has been shown that genetically modified plants with partial suppression of pdh demonstrate changes in the complex of physiological and biochemical parameters that contribute to increased osmototoxicity. They are characterized by reduced activity of proline dehydrogenase and increased levels of proline. During dehydration, the level of Pro in T4 plants increased and remained elevated in the first hours after rehydration, which contributed to maintaining carbohydrate balance. The sucrose/monosaccharide ratio in transgenic variants remained stable regardless of cultivation conditions. Analysis of protein content showed that under optimal hydration, its level in T4 plants and the original genotypes did not differ significantly. At the same time, in control plants under water stress conditions, an increase in protein content was observed, which may indicate activation of the synthesis of stress response proteins.

Methodological aspects of in vitro cultivation of hemp: a review

2025-09-15T12:03:11+03:00

The review article describes overcoming contamination issues, effective regeneration and propagation methods, optimization of growth conditions through modification of nutrient media composition and the use of phytohormones, as well as the establishment of specific light and temperature regimes, and modern research directions for in vitro cultivation of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). The in vitro cultivation of this species is somewhat challenging. The optimal explants are shoot segments obtained from NaOCl-sterilized and in vitro germinated seeds. Explants can grow on various types of nutrient media, including MS and DKW with sucrose as a carbohydrate source, as well as modified media, mainly with increased nitrogen ions and selected macro- and microelements. They respond well to the application of different types of phytohormones, such as auxins and cytokinins. However, overcoming shoot hyperhydricity remains a challenge. Recently, methodologies for obtaining polyploid industrial hemp and lateral root cultures have been developed.

Features of exosom isolation from tin lacquered mycelium

2025-09-15T12:03:11+03:00

Aim. To apply the proposed methods for obtaining exosomes and select conditions for effective isolation of these nanovesicles from the mycelium of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. To obtain exosomes from the cells of the mycelium of G. lucidum and to conduct their morphometric analysis. Methods. Microbiological, microscopic, sedimentation, and spectrophotometric research methods were used to obtain and analyze isolated exosomes from the mycelium of the G. lucidum fungus.. Results. Various methods for isolating exosomes were tested and an effective method for grinding, homogenizing, and purifying exosomes from G. lucidum mycelium cultivated in vitro was selected. The isolation and primary identification of exosomes from G. lucidum mycelium was performed for the first time. Conclusions. The developed approach for isolating exosomes from the mycelium of the fungus G. lucidum grown under stationary aseptic conditions in vitro is an important step for further investigation the biological activity of these nanovesicles and the possibility of their practical application.

Influence of in vitro culture on seed size in somaclonal variants of spelt

2025-09-15T12:03:11+03:00

Aim. Study the seed size of Triticum spelta L. regenerants obtained in the immature embryo culture R₂ generation in comparison with the original forms. Methods. Measurement of length, width and area of the grain using ImageJ software, statistical data analysis. Results. Measurements of spelt grains of five original genotypes and their 26 somaclonal variants were carried out. Significant differences in seed size were found. The Oberkulmer Rotkorn and Zorya Ukrainy spelt cultivars had the largest grains, and their somaclones showed a significant decrease in the grain size. Among the somaclonal variants of the rest spelt genotypes, a significant increase in grain size was observed with a high frequency (from 40 % to 67 % of all somaclones) and no significant decrease. Two somaclones of the T. spelta 4 (UK 4C/15) breeding line had significantly higher grain area values compared to all other studied genotypes. Conclusions. Somaclonal variation in seed size was revealed among biotechnological spelt plants. It was shown that the character of changes in grain size parameters depended on the initial genotype. The developed method to obtain biotechnological spelt plants makes it possible to develop high-quality starting material for the plant breeding needs.

Development of methodological approaches to obtaining of exosome-like nanovesicles from Urtica dioica L.

2025-09-15T12:03:11+03:00

Aim. To develop methodological approaches for the effective isolation of exosome-like nanovesicles from dioecious nettle (Urtica dioica L.) plants, taking into account their purity, quantity and primary characteristics. Methods. The preparation of exosome-like nanovesicles from the green biomass of nettle and their characterization was carried out using mechanical and cryo-homogenization, centrifugation, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Results. As a result of this work, conditions were selected, exosome-like nanovesicles were isolated from the green biomass of dioecious nettle by various methods, and their primary characterization was carried out. Conclusions. The suitability of the tested methods for the preparation of exosome-like nanovesicles from green biomass of U. dioica was demonstrated. The exosome-like nanovesicles obtained by different methods and their modifications are quite similar in size and structure. Certain differences in the results of the studies using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy are within the limits of the methods reproducibility.

Influence of iron source in induction medium on haplopreductive capacity of bread wheat in in vitro anther culture

2025-09-15T12:03:11+03:00

Aim. Study of the efficiency of in vitro androgenesis of bread wheat using different sources of iron in the induction medium for anther cultivation. Methods. In vitro culture of isolated anthers. The following were determined: the percentage of callus formed and the percentage of green plants from planted anthers; the percentage of acclimatized plants from green regenerants; the percentage of fertile plants from acclimatized plants and from planted anthers. Results. Androgenesis in vitro was studied in anther culture of 11 genotypes of bread winter wheat. Callus induction frequency: from 0.65 to 18.46 %, on average 6.68 % – on a medium with ferylene and from 0.53 to 35.58 %, on average 10.85 % – on a medium with Fe-chelate. The ability to regenerate green plants: from 0 to 4.03 %, on average 6.68 % – on a medium with ferylene and from 0 to 4.11 %, on average 10.85 % – on a medium with Fe-chelate. 35 dihaploid lines were obtained in anther culture of eight genotypes. Spontaneous diploidization on average 30.7 %. Conclusions. Genotype-specific morphogenetic reactions of bread winter wheat microspores during in vitro androgenesis have been revealed. It has been shown that the use of Fe-chelates (Na₂EDTA + FeSO₄•7H₂O) as an iron source in the induction nutrient medium is more effective for obtaining dihaploids by in vitro androgenesis.

Determination of viability of primary glioblastoma cell culture under the influence of various concentrations of endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP II) using trypan blue staining

2025-09-15T12:03:11+03:00

Aim. Confirmation of the previously established (by MTT assay) cytotoxic potential of the EMAP II polypeptide against primary glioblastoma cell culture using an independent method of trypan blue exclusion test, which is widely used for selective cell staining. Methods. Primary cell culture obtained from malignant glioma tissue fragments after surgery was treated with EMAP II at various concentrations. The trypan blue dye exclusion test was used to determine the number of viable cells present in the cell suspension. In this case, living cells, which have intact cell membranes, remain transparent due to the exclusion of the dye, while dead cells absorb the dye and turn blue. Results. A dose-dependent cytotoxic effect of EMAP II was recorded, which was manifested in the range of high drug concentrations 10 μM, 2 μM, 640 pM. Conclusions. The trypan blue exclusion test, due to its simplicity and availability, can be used for preliminary screening studies of the effect of EMAP II on malignant glioma cells, but it is significantly inferior to the MTT-test in sensitivity and informativeness.